Selenium
Dev ToolsA browser automation framework and ecosystem.
Release History
View all versions →selenium-4.48.019 fixes7 featuresThis release includes various bug fixes and improvements across different components like JavaScript, Python, Ruby, and the Grid. It also introduces new features related to BiDi protocol integration and file handling.
selenium-4.47.0selenium-4.46.0Breaking9 fixes8 featuresThis release introduces several improvements across multiple language bindings, including enhanced BiDi support, better JSON parsing, and fixes for driver routing and build processes. Key updates include Java's BiDi integration and stricter JSON handling, alongside Ruby's HTTP client customization.
selenium-4.45.05 fixes2 featuresThis release focuses heavily on internal build improvements, dependency updates across all languages (Java, Python, .NET, Ruby, Rust), and migration of atoms to TypeScript versions, particularly affecting JavaScript, .NET, and Java bindings.
selenium-4.44.0Breaking14 fixes7 featuresThis release focuses heavily on internal tooling improvements, Bidi specification alignment across languages (.NET, Python), and bug fixes, including updates to dependency management and build processes.
selenium-4.43.0This release includes updates across all major language bindings (Java, Python, DotNet, Ruby, JavaScript) with detailed changes available in component-specific changelogs.
selenium-4.42.06 fixes4 featuresThis release focuses heavily on internal improvements, particularly around BiDi implementations in DotNet and extensive nullability specification updates across Java packages. Key fixes include improved RemoteWebDriver serialization and enhanced Grid WebSocket handling.
selenium-4.41.02 fixes3 featuresThis release focuses heavily on build system improvements, including Bazel integration, workflow consolidation, and dependency management across all language bindings. Key functional updates include canonical support for AI agent directions and improved cancellation support in .NET BiDi.
selenium-4.40.0Breaking13 fixes5 featuresThis release focuses heavily on internal modernization, especially in Java (replacing Guava, refactoring assertions) and DotNet, alongside numerous stability fixes across Ruby, Python, and Bazel build systems. Key feature additions include new BiDi emulation commands for network conditions and screen orientation in Java and Python.
nightlyThis release primarily contains test cleanup and infrastructure improvements with no functional changes for end users.
selenium-4.39.015 fixes22 featuresThis release adds numerous BiDi emulation commands, UI enhancements for Grid, and a host of bug fixes and documentation updates across Java, Python, .NET, and other language bindings.
selenium-4.38.0Breaking8 fixes5 featuresSelenium 4.38.0 adds extensive JSpecify annotations, a new Bidi timezone‑override command, dependency bumps, and several bug fixes, with a few breaking removals of deprecated Ruby logging classes and .NET DTO handling.
selenium-4.37.0Breaking12 fixes24 featuresSelenium 4.x release adds extensive BiDi enhancements, native Java 11 HTTP client methods, drops Python 3.9 support, and includes numerous bug fixes and new features across all language bindings.
selenium-4.36.011 fixes18 featuresThis release introduces new BiDi events and modules across Java, Python, .NET, and other language bindings, improves Grid client cleanup and timeout handling, and includes numerous bug fixes and dependency updates.
selenium-4.35.0Breaking13 fixes18 featuresThis Selenium release adds numerous BiDi enhancements, nullable annotation support, and dependency updates while fixing several bugs and removing deprecated APIs such as AppCacheStatus and old navigation commands.
selenium-4.34.0Breaking13 fixes10 featuresThis release adds several new BiDi options and API enhancements, fixes numerous bugs, deprecates Java FtpProxy, and introduces a breaking namespace change in the .NET bindings.
selenium-4.33.0Breaking7 fixes12 featuresSelenium 4.33.0 introduces new BiDi modules, UI enhancements, and several deprecations removals while fixing type‑checking and download errors. Users need to adjust Java code for removed APIs and handle the new `message` field in Python execute exceptions.
selenium-4.32.0Breaking20 fixes24 featuresThis Selenium release adds extensive BiDi support across languages, introduces new browser and network modules, and fixes numerous test and logging issues, while breaking .NET BiDi network interception and script error handling APIs.
selenium-4.31.0Breaking12 fixes9 featuresSelenium 4.31.0 adds several new features, fixes numerous bugs across language bindings, and introduces breaking changes for .NET BiDi ContinueWithAuthCommand and Bazel remote configuration naming.
selenium-4.30.0Breaking16 fixes15 featuresSelenium 4.30 introduces extensive .NET nullability annotations, removes obsolete members, and adds numerous BiDi and Grid features while fixing a wide range of bugs across all language bindings.
selenium-4.29.0Breaking9 fixes14 featuresThis release adds several BiDi enhancements, improves page‑size handling, updates Grid UI, and introduces extensive nullability annotations, while removing Firefox CDP support which may require code changes.
selenium-4.28.0Breaking18 fixes14 featuresThis release adds numerous nullability annotations, new API methods (e.g., execute_cdp_cmd, BiDi Network handlers), several bug fixes, and updates to build dependencies, while deprecating IWebDriver.GetAttribute in the .NET bindings.
Common Errors
WebDriverException9 reportsWebDriverException often arises from incompatible browser/driver versions or outdated browser installations. To resolve this, update your browser to the latest version and then download the corresponding WebDriver executable (ChromeDriver, GeckoDriver, etc.) that matches your browser version. Finally, ensure the WebDriver executable is in your system's PATH or explicitly specified in your Selenium code.
SessionNotCreatedException6 reportsThe SessionNotCreatedException in Selenium usually arises from a mismatch between the WebDriver version (e.g., ChromeDriver, EdgeDriver) and the browser version installed. To fix this, download the WebDriver version that corresponds to your current browser version from the official vendor website (e.g., ChromeDriver downloads for Chrome) and ensure it is accessible on your system's PATH, or specify the webdriver path when instantiating the webdriver in your code. Alternatively, use a WebDriver manager like WebDriverManager to automatically handle driver downloads and configuration.
NoSuchElementException5 reportsNoSuchElementException typically arises when Selenium cannot find an element matching the specified locator at the time of the find operation. To fix this, use explicit waits with `WebDriverWait` and `expected_conditions` to ensure the element is present and interactable before attempting to interact with it. Adjust the timeout and expected condition (e.g., `presence_of_element_located`, `element_to_be_clickable`) based on the specific element and application behavior.
NoSuchDriverException4 reportsNoSuchDriverException typically arises when Selenium can't locate the appropriate driver (e.g., ChromeDriver, geckodriver) for the browser you're using. Ensure that the driver executable is either in your system's PATH or that you've explicitly specified its location using `webdriver_manager` or selenium manager, also verify the driver and browser versions are compatible. If using selenium manager check it is properly executable and not locked by another process.
WebDriverError4 reportsWebDriverError in Selenium often indicates a mismatch between the browser driver version (e.g., ChromeDriver, GeckoDriver) and the browser version installed on your system. Ensure that you download and use the correct driver version corresponding to your browser's version, and that the driver executable is properly placed in your system's PATH or specified in your Selenium code. Also, verify that your browser installation is not corrupted or inaccessible, and that your profile exists.
UnreachableBrowserException3 reportsUnreachableBrowserException usually indicates the browser instance controlled by Selenium has unexpectedly closed or become unresponsive. To resolve it, ensure the browser driver (e.g., ChromeDriver, GeckoDriver) version is compatible with your browser version and Selenium version. Also, verify that the browser executable path is correctly configured, and the browser process hasn't been terminated prematurely by your system or automation script.
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